Richard Herland (1935-2023)

WELCOME TO "TROTSKY RELOADED"

In an era rich in memories, where the past intertwines with the present in increasingly dramatic ways, "Trotsky Reloaded" offers a bold and secular perspective on a century of epic changes and unresolved conflicts. This book is not merely a historical narrative; it is an invitation to look beyond conventions, to question established "truths," and to rediscover the profound forces that have shaped our world.

The title itself, "Trotsky Reloaded," suggests a return to key figures and concepts with a new lens, promising to uncover aspects often overlooked or deliberately distorted by history. 

It is not just about Leon Trotsky, whose life and thought, from his early vision of centralism to his influence in the 1905 Soviet and his theory of "permanent revolution," are re-examined. 

Rather, it's about using these personal histories as windows onto broader phenomena.

My objective, as the author, is to provide an objective history that does not embrace the notion of "chosen" or "elected" peoples and does not accept the premise that any group has an inalienable right to a portion of land. This principle applies to all, without exception. 

Building on this foundation, the book seeks to disentangle complex issues such as the Jewish question, dual loyalty, and the intellectual weight of Israeli politics from accusations of antisemitism.

Through meticulous research and critical analysis, "Trotsky Reloaded" challenges the "common knowledge" and "apparent truth" that often permeate historical accounts. I explore how seemingly distinct events, such as the echoes of the 1905 Russian Revolution in Vienna, are in fact deeply interconnected, revealing a "behind-the-scenes" narrative that conventional accounts often ignore.

The volume delves into the lives of central figures like Trotsky, Lenin, and Hitler, examining how their ideologies and actions – from the debate on party centralization between Trotsky and Lenin (implied by their relationship in sources like) to the controversies surrounding Hitler's military career and his views on antisemitism – were not solely the result of individual genius or madness, but also a response to and cause of broader social and political dynamics. 

I focus on the evolution of radical and philosophical ideas, drawing from the intellectual currents that animated figures like the Young Hegelians, Marx, and Feuerbach.

"Trotsky Reloaded" aims to answer fundamental questions about the origins of the world wars, the "Jewish Question", and the complex interplay between nationalism, ideology, and power. 

It is a history that seeks to illuminate why European Jews, after 1945, felt they could not find security outside of their own state, and how this perception shaped the course of global events.

This book is an intellectual journey, an attempt to offer details, explanations, and insights that go beyond mere summary, drawing on a vast body of sources, including previously unpublished archival material, to "revitalize the attitude and mentality of statesmen and nations". 

I invite you to explore these pages with an open mind, as the work is designed to "enhance your understanding of the sources and their key concepts".

THE BOOK IN SHORT

• 20 years of researches and work
• thousands of hours of conversations, suggestions and ideas with many intellectual friends and in particular David Fromkin and Sir Tom Arnold
• speaking seven languages he was able to read many books in the original language
• he has frequented hundreds of libraries around the world
• 466 books used as sources
• 6,000 pages of notes
• 1,000 pages of summaries

LIST OF MAIN SOURCES

• Abramowicz, Hirsz: Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life Before World War II

• Abrams, Lynn: Bismarck and the German Empire, 1871–1918

• Adler, Victor: The Jewish Background of Victor and Friedrich Adler: Selected Biographical Notes

• Akimov, Vladimir: Vladimir Akimov on the Dilemmas of Russian Marxism 1895-1903

• American Jewish Committee: American Jewish Year Book 1913-1914

• Andics, Helmut: Rule of Terror: Russia under Lenin and Stalin

• Anderson, Robin: Pope Pius VII: (1800-1823)

• Armstrong, Karen: The Bible: The Biography

• Armstrong, Karen: The Great Transformation: The World in the Time of Buddha, Socrates, Confucius and Jeremiah

• Aronson, I. Michael: Troubled Waters: Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia

• Ascher, Abraham: Pavel Axelrod and the development of Menshevism

• Ascher, Abraham: The Revolution of 1905: Authority Restored

• Ascher, Abraham: The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray

• Attali, Jacques: Karl Marx o el espíritu del mundo

• Attali, Jacques: Karl Marx: ou l’esprit du monde

• Attali, Jacques: Les Juifs, le Monde et l’Argent: Histoire économique du people juif

• Authers, John: The Victim’s Fortune: Inside the epic battle over the debts of the Holocaust

• Avineri, Shlomo: Herzl: Theodore Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State

• Avineri, Shlomo: Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism

• Avineri, Shlomo: The Making of Modern Israel: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State

• Avrutin, Eugene M. and Murav, Harriet (Eds.): Jews in the East European Borderlands

• Ayoun, Richard: Les juifs de France: De l'émancipation à l'intégration (1787-1812)

• Baddley, John F.: Russia in the ‘Eighties:’ Sports and Politics

• Barker, Margaret: The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity

• Baron, Salo W.: The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets

• Becker, Otto: Das russisch-französische Bündnis

• Becker, Otto: Bismarck und die Einkreisung Deutschlands

• Benbassa, Esther: The Jews of France

• Ben-Yehuda, Nachman: Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice

• Berlin, Isiah: Karl Marx His Life and Environment

• Bernhardi, General Friedrich Von: Germany and the Next War

• Berridge, G.R.: Gerald Fitzmaurice (1865-1939): Chief Dragoman of the British Embassy in Turkey

• Bernstein, Eduard: Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer

• Bernstein, Eduard: My Years of Exile: Reminiscences of a Socialist

• Bhagwati, Jagdish: The Future of Money

• Bideleux, Robert: A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change

• Biedermann, Georg: Zum Begriff der Atheismus bei Ludwig Feuerbach

• Bischof, Günter and Karlhofer, Ferdinand (Eds.): 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I

• Blanning, Tim: The Pursuit of Glory

• Blum, Marc E.: The Austro-Marxists 1890--1918: A Psychobiographical Study

• Blumenkranz, Bernhard & Soboul, Albert: Le Grand Sanhédrin de Napoléon

• Bodanis, David: Passionate Minds: The Great Enlightenment Love Affair

• Bolshevik Party: The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Minutes of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (bolsheviks) August 1917-February 1918

• Bookchin, Murray: The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary Era Volume Three

• Bonnell, Victoria E.: Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-14

• Bosher, J. F.: The French Revolution

• Bowman, Alan and Wilson, Andrew (Eds.): Settlement, Urbanization, and Population

• Boyer, John W.: Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897—1918

• Boyer, John W.: Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848-1897

• Braun, Hans-Jörg: Die Religionsphilosophie Ludwig Feuerbach

• Braun, Hans-Jörg: Ludwig Feuerbachs Lehre vom Menschen

• Braunthal, Julius: History of the International: 1864 – 1914

• Brazill, William J.: The Young Hegelians

• Breckman, Warren: Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory: Dethroning the Self

• Brenner, Michael: Prophets of the Past: Interpreters of Jewish History

• Bridge, F. R.: From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914, Volume 6

• Brinkley, Alan: The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century

• Bronner, Stephen Eric: A Revolutionary for Our Times: Rosa Luxemburg

• Broué, Pierre: Cahiers Léon Trotsky 1979-2003

• Broué, Pierre: The German Revolution: 1917-1923

• Brovkin, Vladimir N.: Dear Comrades: Menshevik Reports on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War

• Browne, John: Beyond Business: An Inspirational Memoir from a Visionary Leader

• Browning, Christopher R.: The Origins of the Final Solution

• Bullock, Allan: Hitler: A Study in Tyranny

• Bullock, David: The Russian Civil War 1918-22

• Burrow, John: A History of Histories

• Busch, Dr. Moritz: Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of his History

• Bushnell, John: Mutiny Amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905-1906

• Caldwell, Peter C.: Love, Death, and Revolution in Central Europe

• Cameron, Euan: The European Reformation

• Caramani, Danielle: Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies

• Carey, Roane: The New Intifada: Resisting Israel's Apartheid

• Carr, E.H.: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923 v.I

• Carr, E.H.: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923 v.II

• Carver, Terrell: Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought

• Cecil, Robert: The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology

• Chagall, Marc: En Avant

• Chamberlain, William Henry: Soviet Russia: A Living Record and a History

• Chandler, Albert R.: Rosenberg’s Nazi Myth

• Chernov, Victor: Yidishe tuer in der partey. Sotsialistn revolutsionern. Biographishe eseyen

• Chinn, Menzie D. and Frieden, Jeffry A.: Lost Decades: The Making of America’s Debt Crisis and the Long Recovery

• Clark, Christopher: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914

• Clark, Victoria: Allies for Armageddon: the Rise of Christian Zionism

• Clements, Barbara Evans: Bolshevik Women

• Cliff, Tony: Trotsky: Fighting the Rising Stalinist Bureaucracy 1923-1927

• Cliff, Tony: Trotsky: The Darker the Sky the Brighter the Stars

• Cliff, Tony: Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917-1923

• Cliff, Tony: Trotsky: Towards October 1879-1917

• Cocks, F. Seymour: The Secret Treaties and Understandings: Text Of The Available Documents With Introductory Comments And Explanatory Notes

• Cohen, Avner: Israel and the Bomb

• Cohen, Israel: Theodor Herzl: Founder of Political Zionism

• Collins, J. J.: The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Post-Modern Age

• Conte, Francis: Christian Rakovski (1873-1941)

• Conquest, Robert: The Great Terror: A Reassessment

• Coogan, M. D.: Oxford History of the Biblical World

• Coote, R. B. and Whitelam, K. W.: The Emergence of Early Israel in Historical Perspective

• Corsi, Egon Caesar: Rise of the House of Rothschild

• Croft, Lee B.: Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich: Terrorist Rocket Pioneer

• Cross, Frank Moore: From Epic to Canon: History and Literature in Ancient Israel

• Crossan, John Dominc: Who Killed Jesus?

• Crankshaw, Edward: The Fall of the House of Habsburg

• Dan, Theodore: The Origins of Bolshevism

• Daniels, Robert V.: The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition In Soviet Russia

• Daniels, Robert V.: Red October: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

• Davies, Howard & Green, David: Banking on the Future: The Fall and Rise of Central Banking

• Davies, Norman: God’s Playground: a History of Poland: 1795 to the Present – Vol. II

• Davies, Norman: God’s Playground: a History of Poland: The Origins until 1795 – Vol. I

• Davitt, Michael: Within the Pale; the True Story of anti-Semitic Persecutions in Russia

• Dawson, William Harbutt: German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle: A Biographical History of German Socialistic Movements

• Day, John: In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel

• Day, Richard B. and Gaido, Daniel: Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record

• De Michelis, Cesare G.: The Non-Existent Manuscript: A Study of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion

• Dedijer, Vladimir: The Road to Sarajevo

• Deighton, Len: Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk

• Dekel-Chen, Jonathan et al. (eds.): Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History

• Dershowitz, Alan: The Case for Israel

• Deutsch, Leo: Sixteen years in Siberia: Some experiences of a Russian revolutionist

• Deutscher, Isaac: The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879-1921

• Deutscher, Isaac: The Prophet Outcast

• Deutscher, Isaac: The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929

• Dever, William G.: What did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Nature of Ancient Israel

• Dillon, E. J.: The Eclipse of Russia

• Dower, John: Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9/11/Iraq

• Draper, Hal: Karl Marx’s Theory of Revolution, Vol.1: State and Bureaucracy

• Dubnow, S.M.: History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the earliest times until the present day

• Dubnow, Simon: Nationalism and History

• Dwyer, Philip: Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power

• Eastman, Max: Great Companions: Critical Memoirs of Some Famous Friends

• Eastman, Max: Leon Trotsky: The Portrait of a Youth

• Eastman, Max: Since Lenin Died

• Eastman, Max: The Character and Fate of Leon Trotsky

• Eckart, Dieter: Der Bolshewismus von Moses bis Lenin: Zwei gespräche zwischen Adolf Hitler und Mir

• Eligur, Bani: The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Das Wesen dcs Christentums

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Das Wesen der Religion

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Die Religionsphilosophie Ludwig Feuerbach

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Ludwig Feuerbachs Lehre vom Menschen

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Philosophie der Leiblichkeit: Ludwig Feuerbachs Entwurf einer Philosophie der Zukunft

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Pierre Bayle

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Preliminary Theses on the Reform of Philosophy

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Principles of the Philosophy of the Future

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Sämtliche Werke

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: The Essence of Christianity

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: The Essence of Faith According to Luther

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: The Fiery Brook: Selected Writings of Ludwig Feuerbach

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: The History of Modern Philosophy from Bacon to Spinoza

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: The Presentation and Development and Criticism of Leibniz’s Philosophy

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Theogonie

• Feuerbach, Ludwig: Thoughts on Death and Immortality

• Figes, Orlando: A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924

• Footman, David: The Alexander Conspiracy: A Life of A. I. Zhelyabov

• Fox, Robin Lane: The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible

• Foxman, Abraham: The Deadliest Lies: The Israel Lobby and the Myth of Jewish Control

• Frankel, Jonathan: Crisis, Revolution, and Russian Jews

• Frankel, Jonathan: Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews 1862-1917

• Fremont-Barnes, Gregory and Fisher, Todd: The Napoleonic Wars: the Rise and Fall of an Empire

• Friedman, R. E.: Who Wrote the Bible

• Fromkin, David: A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

• Fulda, Bernhard: Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic

• Furet, François: The French Revolution: 1770-1814

• Futrell, Michael: Northern Underground: Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Transport and Communications through Scandinavia and Finland

• Galbraith, John Kenneth: The Great Crash 1929

• Galai, Shmuel: The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900-1905

• Gankin, Olga Hess and Fisher, Harold Henry: The Bolsheviks and the World War: The Origin of the Third International

• Gay, Peter: The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism

• Gay, Peter: Weimar Culture

• Geifman, Anna: Entangled in Terror: The Azef Affair and the Russian Revolution

• Geifman, Anna: Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia 1894 – 1917

• Gilbo‘a, Menuḥah: Leksikon ha-‘itonut ha-‘ivrit ba-me’ot ha-shemoneh ‘esreh veha-tesha‘ ‘esreh

• Grabbe, L. (ed.): Can a ‘History of Israel’ Be Written?

• Green, John: Engels: A Revolutionary Life

• Greenberg, Louis: The Jews in Russia: The Struggle for Emancipation Vol. I: 1772-1880

• Greenberg, Louis: The Jews in Russia: The Struggle for Emancipation Vol. II: 1881-1917

• Greenblatt, Stephen: The Swerve: How the World Became Modern

• Guillaume, James: Michael Bakunin: A Biographical Sketch

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Aus der Knabenzeit

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Blasedow und seine Söhne

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Briefe eines Narren an eine Närrin

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Der Zauberer von Rom

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Die Ritter vom Geiste

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Die Söhne Pestalozzis

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Fritz Ellrodt

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Hohenschwangau

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Lebensbilder

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Maha-Guru, Geschichte eines Gottes

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Meisterdramen

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Rückblicke auf mein Leben

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Seraphine

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Wally die Zweiflerin

• Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand: Zur Philosophie der Geschichte

• Haberer, Erich E.: Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth Century Russia

• Haffner, Sebastian: Churchill: Life & Times

• Haimson, Leopold H.: The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism

• Haimson, Leopold H., Galiliy, Ziva Garcia, and Wortman, Richard (Eds.): The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past

• Hahn, Hans Joachim: The 1848 Revolutions in German-speaking Europe

• Hamann, Brigitte: Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man

• Harari, Yuval Noah: Sapiens: A brief History of Humankind

• Harman, Chris: The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-1923

• Harcave, Sidney: Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography

• Harvey, Van A.: Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion

• Hasegawa, Tsuyoski: The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917

• Haupt, Georges and Marie, Jean-Jacques: Makers of the Russian Revolution: Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders

• Heiden, Konrad: Der Führer

• Heiden, Konrad: Hitler’s Rise to Power

• Heijenoort, Jean van: With Trotsky in Exile From Prinkipo to Coyoacan

• Heller, Anne C.: Ayn Rand and the World She Made

• Hermon-Belot, Rita: L'émancipation des Juifs en France

• Herrmann, David G.: The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War

• Herzl, Theodor: Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage

• Herzl, Theodor: The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl Volume I

• Herzl, Theodor: The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl Volume II

• Hess, Moses: The European Triarchy

• Hess, Moses: The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings

• Hewitson, Mark: Germany and the Causes of the First World War

• Hillyar, Anna and McDermid, Jane: Revolutionary Women in Russia, 1870-1917: A Study in Collective Biography

• Hiro, Dilip: After Empire: The Birth of the Multipolar World

• Hirst, David: Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East

• Hitchen, Christopher: Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: A Biography

• Hitler, Adolf: Mein Kampf

• Hitler, Adolf: Monologe im Fiihrerhauptquartier

• Homan, G.D.: Jean-François Reubell: French Revolutionary, Patriot, and Director (1747–1807)

• Homberger, Eric: John Reed

• Homberger, Eric and Biggart, John (Eds.): John Reed and the Russian Revolution: Uncollected Articles, Letters and Speeches on Russia 1917-1920

• Hook, Sidney: From Hegel to Marx: Studies in the Intellectual Development of Karl Marx

• Hosfeld, Rolf: Karl Marx: An Intellectual Biography

• Huston, James L.: The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War

• Hyman, Paula E.: The Jews of Modern France

• Israel, Jonathan I: The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848

• Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna & Others: Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System

• Jackson, Julian: France: The Dark Years 1940-1944

• Jacob, Alexander: Eugen Dühring on the Jews

• Jacobs, Jack Lester: Kautsky on the Jewish Question

• Jacobs, Jack: On Socialists and the Jewish Question after Marx

• Jaher, Frederick Cople: A scapegoat in the new wilderness: the origins and rise of anti-semitism in America

• Jaher, Frederick Cople: The Jews and the Nation: Revolution, Emancipation, State Formation, and the Liberal Paradigm in America and France

• Johnston, Larry: Between Transcendence and Nihilism: Species-Ontology in the Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach

• Josephus, Flavius: Against Apion

• Josephus, Flavius: Antiquities of the Jews

• Jost, Isaak Markus: A History of the Israelites from the Time of the Maccabees to Our Time

• Kamenka, Eugene: The Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach

• Kanarfogel, E.: Jewish Education and Society in the High Middle Ages

• Karp, Jonathan: The Politics of Jewish Commerce Economic Thought and Emancipation in Europe, 1638–1848

• Karpat, Kemal H.: The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

• Katkov, George: Russia 1917: The February Revolution

• Kautsky, Karl: Selected Political Writings

• Keep, J.L.H.: The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia

• Kellogg, Michael: The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism

• Kenez, Peter: A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End

• Kennan, George: Siberia and the Exile System

• Kennan, George: The Fateful Alliance: France Russia and the Coming of the First World War

• Kershaw, Ian: Hitler 1936–45: Nemisis

• Kershaw, Ian: Hitler: 1889-1936 – Hubris

• Killebrew, A. E.: Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel, 1300-1100

• Kinder, Hermann and Hilgemann, Werner: The Penguin Atlas of World History

• King, Stephen: Losing Control: The Emerging Threats to Western Prosperity

• Kinglake, A. W.: The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin, and an Account of Its Progress Down to the Death of Lord Raglan, Vol. I

• Klier, John Doyle: Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the “Jewish Question” in Russia, 1772-1825

• Klier, John and Lambroza, Shlomo (Eds.): Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History

• Konner, Melvin: Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews

• Kotkin, Stephen: Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928

• Krawec, Roman: Marian Melenevsky

• Kropotkin, P.: Memoirs of a Revolutionist Vols I & II

• Krupskaya, N. K.: N. K. Krupskaya's Reminiscences of Lenin

• Kugel, James L.: How To Read The Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now

• Küntzel, Matthias: Jew-Hatred and Jihad: The Nazi roots of the 9/11 attack

• Langer, William L.: European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890

• Langer, William L.: The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902

• Langer, William L.: The Franco-Russian Alliance 1890-1894

• Laqueur, Walter: Black Hundreds: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia

• Laqueur, Walter: Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict

• Leggett, George: The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police

• Lenin, Vladimir: Lessons of the Moscow Events

• Lenin, V. I.: Notes on Sotsial-Demokrat, No. 1

• Lenin, V. I.: Objections to Trotsky’s Amendments to the Bolshevik Resolution on the Attitude Towards Bourgeois Parties, Adopted by the Congress

• Lenin, V. I.: Our Tasks and the Soviet Of Workers’ Deputies

• Lenin, V. I.: Outstanding Dates (The Life and Work of V. I. Lenin)

• Lenin, V.I.: Paul Singer: Died January 18 (31), 1911

• Lenin, V.I.: Social-Democracy’s Attitude Towards the Peasant Movement

• Lindemann: Rise of Jews 1870s - 1933

• Löwith, Karl: From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought

• Löbbe, Hermann and Sass, Hans-Martin (eds.): Atheismus in der Diskussion: Kontroversen um Ludwig Feuerbach

• Lutz, Ralph Haswell: Fall of the German Empire, 1914-1918, Vol. II

• Luxemburg, Rosa: The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions

• MacCulloch, Diarmaid: A History of Christianity: The First 3000 Years

• MacCulloch, Diarmaid: Reformation: Europe’s House Divided

• MacDonald, Kevin: Understanding Jewish Influence

• MacDonogh, Giles: Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters

• Maisel, Louis Sandy and Forman, Ira N.: Jews in American Politics

• Marr, Wilhelm: Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum (Victory of Judaism over Teutonicism – or Germanism)

• Masalha, Nur: Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History

• McLellan, David: The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx

• McMeekin, Sean: The Russian Origins of the First World War

• Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M.: The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy

• Mehring, Franz: Karl Marx: The Story of His Life

• Mendelsohn, Ezra: Class Struggle in the Pale: The Formative Years of the Jewish Worker’s Movement in Tsarist Russia

• Mendelsohn, Ezra (Ed.): Essential Papers on Jews and the Left

• Middlekauff, Robert: The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution – 1763-1789

• Miliakova, Lidia and Werth Nicholas: Le Livre des Pogrom: Antichambre d’un Génocide Ukraine, Russie, Biélorussie 1917-1922

• Moggach, Douglas: The New Hegelians: Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School

• Moggach, Douglas: The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer

• Molden, Berthold: Alois Graf Aehrenthal: Sechs Jahre äussere Politik Oesterreich-Ungarns

• Mombauer, Annita: Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War

• Mommsen, Hans: The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy

• Montefiore, Simon Sebag: Jerusalem: The Biography

• Montefiore, Simon Sebag: Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar

• Montefiore, Simon Sebag: Young Stalin

• Moore, James Willard: Arnold Ruge: A Study in Democratic Caesarism

• Morris, Benny: The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

• Nash, Stanley: In Search of Hebraism: Shai Hurwitz and His Polemics in the Hebrew Press

• Nash, Stanley: Sha’ul Yisra’el Hurwitz

• Nolte, Ernst: La guerre civile européenne: National-socialisme et bolchevisme 1917-1945

• Nordau, Max: The Conventional Lies of our Civilization

• Okey, Robin: Eastern Europe 1740–1985: Feudalism to communism

• Offord, Derek: The Russian Revolutionary Movement in the 1880s

• O’Leary, Margaret R.: Cerf-Berr of Médelsheim

• O’Meara, Barry E.: Napoleon in Exile: A Voice from St. Helena

• Orbach, Alexander: New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871

• Orth, Samuel Peter: Socialism and Democracy in Europe

• Ould-Mey, Mohameden: Geopolitical Genesis and Prospect of Zionism

• Overy, Richard: The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany Stalin’s Russia

• Padover, Saul K.: Karl Marx on the First International

• Pappe, Ilan: The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine

• Parvus: Im Kampf um die Wahrheit: Aus dem Russichen Ubersetzt

• Patenaude, Bertrand M.: Stalin’s Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky

• Pawel, Ernst: The Labyrinth of Exile A Life of Theodor Herzl

• Penslar, Derek: Theodor Herzl: The Charismatic Leader

• Perrie, Maureen: The agrarian policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its origins through the revolution of 1905-1907

• Peters, Joan: From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine

• Peterson, Walter F.: The German Left-Liberal Press in Exile: Georg Bernhard and the Circle of Emigre Journalists Around the Pariser Tageblatt – Pariser Tageszeitung 1933-1940

• Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan: Lenin’s Jewish Question

• Pflanze, Otto: Bismarck and the Development of Germany Volume II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871-1880

• Pflanze, Otto: Bismarck and the Development of Germany Volume III: The Period of Fortification, 1880-1898

• Pickus, David: Dying with an Enlightening Fall: Poland in the Eyes of German Intellectuals: 1764-1800

• Piper, Ernst: Alfred Rosenberg: Hitlers Chefideologue

• Pipes, Richard: The Concise History of the Russian Revolution

• Pipes, Richard: The Degeav Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia

• Pipes, Richard: The Russian Revolution: 1889-1919

• Pipes, Richard: Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 1919-1924

• Porter, Charles W.: Delcassé

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: Bolshevik Rising July 1917

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: Bolsheviks Seize Power

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: Prelude to Revolution

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: The Bolsheviks Come to Power

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd

• Rabinowitch, Alexander: The Bolsheviks Survive: Government and Crises in Civil War Petrograd

• Rappaport, Helen: Lenin in Exile

• Rawidowicz, S.: Ludwig Feuerbachs Philosophie: Ursprung und Schicksal

• Reed, John: Ten Days that Shook the World

• Reitmeyer, Ursala: Philosophie der Leiblichkeit: Ludwig Feuerbachs Entwurf einer Philosophie der Zukunft

• Retallack, James: Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Rigg, Bryan Mark: Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers

• Roberts, Andrew: Napoleon the Great

• Robertson, Priscilla: Revolution of 1848: A Social History

• Rogger, Hans: Jewish Policies and Right-wing Politics in Imperial Russia

• Röhl, J. C. G.: Germany without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890-1900

• Röhl, John C. G.: Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1859–1941: A Concise Life

• Röhl, John C. G.: The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany

• Romanov, Nicholas: Manifesto of October 17th 1905

• Rose, John Holland: The Life of Napoleon I (Volume 1 of 2)

• Rose, John Holland: The Life of Napoleon I (Volume 2 of 2)

• Rosen, Zvi: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx: The Influence of Bruno Bauer on Marx's Thought

• Rosenberg, Arthur: Imperial Germany, The Birth of the German Republic, 1871-1918

• Sachar, Howard M.: A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

• Sand, Shlomo: The Invention of the Jewish People

• Sass, Hans-Martin: Ludwig Feuerbach in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten dargestellt

• Schama: French Revolution 1789

• Schama: History of Jews Vol I

• Schapiro, Leonard: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union

• Schapiro, Leonard: The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism

• Scheidemann, Philip: Memoiren eines Sozialdemokraten, Zweiter Band

• Scheidemann, Philip: Memoirs of a Social Democrat, Vol. 1

• Schepeler, Andreas Daniel Berthold von: Histoire de la révolution d'Espagne et de Portugal

• Schopenhauer, Arthur: Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten - The Art of Controversy

• Schorske, Carl E.: German Social Democracy 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism

• Schmidt, Alfred: Emanzipatorische Sinnlichkeit: Ludwig Feuerbachs anthropologischer Materialismus

• Serge, Victor and Sedova Trotsky, Natalia: The Life and Death of Leon Trotsky

• Service, Robert: Comrades: Communism: A World History

• Service, Robert: Lenin: A Political Life - The Strengths of Contradiction

• Service, Robert: Lenin: A Political Life – Worlds in Collision

• Service, Robert: The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution

• Service, Robert: Trotsky: A Biography

• Seton Watson, R.W.: Britain in Europe – 1789-1914: A Survey Of Foreign Policy

• Shafir, Gershon: Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

• Shapira, Anita: Israel: A History

• Shanks, H.: Ancient Israel: from Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple

• Shub, David: Lenin

• Shukman, Harold: Lenin and the Russian Revolution

• Siemann, Wolfram: Metternich: Strategist and Visionary

• Siemann, Wolfram: The German Revolution of 1848–49

• Singer, Peter: Marx: A Very Short Introduction

• Sked, Alan: The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire: 1815-1918

• Slezkine, Yuri: The Jewish Century

• Smele, Jonathan D. and Heywood, Anthony (Eds.): The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives

• Smithers, Andrew: Wall Street Revalued: Imperfect Markets and Inept Central Bankers

• Snowden, Mrs. Philip: Through Bolshevik Russia

• Solleder, Fridolin (Ed.): Vier Jahre Westfront. Geschichte des Regiments List R.I.R. 16

• Solomon, Norman: The Talmud: A Selection

• Solymar, Lazlo: Anatomy of Assassinations: From Biblical Times to the End of the Second Millennium

• Solzhenitsyn, Alexander: Deux Siècles Ensemble: 1795-(1917)-1995

• Solzhenitsyn, Alexander: Deux Siècles Ensemble: 1917-1972

• Sombart, Werner: The Jews and Modern Capitalism

• Sorkin, David: The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780-1840

• Souter, Gerry: Diego Rivera: His Art and His Passions

• Stalin, J. V.: The Tenth Anniversary of Pravda (Works)

• Stanislawski, Michael: Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism from Nordau to Jabotinsky

• Stein, Philip: Siqueiros, His Life and Times

• Steed, Henry Wickham: The Hapsburg Monarchy

• Steed, Henry Wickham: Through Thirty Years – 1892-1922: A Personal Narrative Volume I

• Steed, Henry Wickham: Through Thirty Years – 1892-1922: A Personal Narrative Volume II

• Steele, David Ramsey: From Marx to Mise: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic

• Stern, Fritz: The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study of Germanic Ideology

• Stites, Richard: The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930

• Taylor, A. J. P.: Bismarck

• Taylor, A. J. P.: Europe 1848-1918

• Thompson, T. L.: The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel

• Toews, John Edward: Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841

• Tomasoni, Francesco: Ludwig Feuerbach und die nicht-menschliche Natur. Das Wesen der Religion: Die Entsteungsgeschichte des Werks

• Trotsky, Leon: Lenin 1925

• Trotsky, Leon: My Life

• Trotsky, Leon: Leon Trotsky’s 1905

• Trotsky, Leon: Report of the Siberian Delegation to the Second Congress of the RSDRP

• Trotsky, Leon: Soviet-Nazi pact 1939

• Trotsky, Leon: Writings 1936-1937

• Trotsky, Leon: Writings 1938-1939

• Tuchman, Barbara: Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour

• Tuchman, Barbara: The Guns of August

• Tuchman, Barbara: The Zimmermann Telegram

• Ullrich, Volker: Hitler: Ascent 1889-1939

• Wahl, Wolfgang: Feuerbach und Nietzsche: die Rehabilitierung der Sinnlichkeit und des Leibes in den deutschen Philosophie des 19.Jahrhunderts

• Wank, Solomon: In the Twilight of Empire: Count Alois Lexa Von Aehrenthal (1854-1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman, Volume 1

• Wartofsky, Marx: Feuerbach

• Watt, Richard M.: The Kings Depart: The Tragedy of Germany, Versailles and the German Revolution

• Weber, Max: Ancient Judaism

• Wertheimer, Jack: Unwelcome Strangers; East European Jews in Imperial Germany

• Wheeler-Bennett, John W.: Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace March 1918

• Wiernik, Peter: History of the Jews in America, from the period of the discovery of the New World to the present time

• Williams, John F.: Corporal Hitler and the Great War 1914-1918: The List Regiment

• Williams, Robert C.: Culture in Exile: Russian Emigés in Germany 1881-1941

• Williamson, Samuel R.: 1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I

• Wilson, Charles A.: Feuerbach and the Search for Otherness

• Wilson, Edmund: To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History

• Wilton, Robert: Russia’s Agony

• Winik, Jay: The Great Upheaval: America & the Birth of the Modern World, 1788-1800

• Winiger, Josef: Ludwig Feuerbach: Denker der Menschlichkeit

• Wistrich, Robert S.: Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas of Assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary

• Wistrich, Robert S.: The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph

• Witte, Sergei: The Memoirs of Count Witte

• Wittke, Carl: The Utopian Communist: A Biography of Wilhelm Weitlling

• Wolf, Lucien: The Myth of the Jewish Menace in World Affairs or The Truth About the Forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion

• Wolfe, Bertram D.: Three Who Made a Revolution

• Woods, Alan: History of the Bolshevik Party: Bolshevism - The Road to Revolution

• Woytinsky, W. S.: Stormy Passage, A Personal History Through Two Russian Revolutions to Democracy and Freedom: 1905-1960

• Wright, Russell O.: Chronology of Religious Life in America

• Yarmolinsky, Avrahm: Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism

• Zalkin, Mordechai: Vilno

• Zeman, Z.A.B. (Ed.): Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915-1918: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry

• Zeman, Z.A.B. and Scharlau, W. B.: The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus)

• Zetkin, Clara: Reminiscences of Lenin

• Zimmermann, Moshe: Two Generations in the History of German Antisemitism: The Letters of Theodor Fritsch to Wilhelm Marr

• Zimmermann, Moshe: Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism

• Zinoviev, Grigori: Martov and Zinoviev: Head to Head in Halle

• Zipperstein, Steven J.: The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881

• Ziv, G.A.: Trotsky: Karakterisiika po Lichnym Vospominaniam (Characteristics from Personal Memories)

• Zuber, Terence: Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning 1871-1914

• Zuber, Terence: The Mons Myth: The Reassessment of the Battle